Distribution and Bioaccumulation of Essential and Toxic Metals in Tissues of Thaila (Catla catla) from a Natural Lake, Pakistan and Its Possible Health Impact on Consumers

Although fish are often recommended as a component of healthy diet, the environmental accumulation heavy metals in many species has been considerable concern for those weighing nutritional health benefits against adverse toxic outcome excess intake metals. This study aimed to determine concentration essential and tissues Catla catla Mangla Lake assess possible risk consumers. Fifty samples were collected from Lake, Mirpur, Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan analyzed eighteen including trace The measured range concentrations (µg/g, wet weight) muscle tissues, decreasing order, were: K (955–1632), Ca (550–2081), Na (449–896), Mg (129–312), Zn (61.2–215), Fe (11.6–26.8), Sr (2.60–9.27), Pb (1.72–7.81), Se (1.55–3.55), Co (0.12–4.08), Mn (1.04–4.33), Ni (0.69–3.06), Cu (0.88–2.78), Cr (0.45–1.88), As (0.67–1.58), Cd (0.28–0.56), Hg (0.17–0.57) Li (0.12–0.38). metal found this comparatively higher than reported literature. A majority exhibited gills compared with scales muscles. Mean levels Pb, As, Co, Mn, Cd, be exceeding international permissible limits safe human consumption. condition factor (K), an indicator status, indicated that good condition. pollution index (MPI) (27.9), (12.5) (7.57) low contamination. Moreover, was evaluated using estimated weekly (EWI) daily (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), (HI) cancer (TCR). Estimated values Cr, Hg, provisional tolerable while THQ 1. several folds 1, indicative lifetime non-carcinogenic risks cumulative risk, which greatly increased increasing Target people eating exposed significant carcinogenic risk. In summary, consumption lake associated general